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Docking stations and port replicators provide a simplified way of "plugging-in" a portable laptop computer to common computer peripherals. The use of a docking station quickly enables a laptop computer to become a substitute for a desktop computer, without sacrificing the mobile computing functionality of the machine.

A desktop docking stationis an accessory for a portable computer. The docking station normally remains on a desk and contains hardware not needed while traveling. This enables the core portable device to be detached providing a lighter laptop. Docking stations often complement a light-weight ultraportable so that it can function more like a desktop-replacement, in use at home, for example.

A docking station provides for extra connections like slots for expansion cards, whereas a port-replicator does not.

Extra devices that a docking station can support include:

  • hard drive bays
  • optical drive bays
  • keyboard/mouse connectors (PS/2 ports)
  • additional USB ports
  • PC Card slots
  • external display connectors

and a variety of other devices deemed unnecessary, too heavy or insufficiently portable for incorporation into a laptop.

Users can dock or undock portable computers either hot or cold. In a cold dock or undock, one shuts the computer down before inserting it into or removing it from the docking station. In a hot dock or undock, the computer remains running, with or without programs and documents open, when inserted into or removed from the docking station. Computer manufacturers can design the docking stations and BIOS of their mobile computers in different ways, resulting in different docking and undocking behaviors.

Recent desktop docking station designs use the laptop screen rather than an external monitor as the primary screen. Some people refer to this type of docking station as a laptop stand. Most examples offer a connection to peripherals such as keyboards and mice and networks via an internal USB hub. This type of dock, first introduced in 2002, became known as the "Oysterdock" referencing the way the dock clamps around the docked laptop. It also allows users to place their laptop screen in an ergonomically-favorable position.
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