There are two types of computer graphics: raster graphics, where each pixel
is separately defined (as in a digital photograph), and vector graphics, where
mathematical formulas are used to draw lines and shapes, which are then interpreted
at the viewer's end to produce the graphic. Using vectors results in infinitely
sharp graphics and often smaller files, but, when complex, vectors take time to
render and may have larger filesizes than a raster equivalent.
In 1950, the first computer-driven display was attached to MIT's Whirlwind I computer to
generate simple pictures. This was followed by MIT's TX-0 and TX-2, interactive computing
which increased interest in computer graphics during the late 1950s. In 1962, Ivan Sutherland
invented Sketchpad, an innovative program that influenced alternative forms of interaction
with computers.
In the mid-1960s, large computer graphics research projects were begun at MIT, General Motors
Bell Labs, and Lockheed Corporation. D. T. Ross of MIT developed an advanced compiler
language for graphics programming. S.A.Coons, also at MIT, and J. C. Ferguson at
Boeing, began work in sculptured surfaces. GM developed their DAC-1 system, and other
companies, such as Douglas, Lockheed, and McDonnell, also made significant developments.
In 1968, ray tracing was invented by Appel.
During the late 1970s, personal computers became more powerful, capable of drawing both
basic and complex shapes and designs. In the >1980s, artists and graphic designers began
to see the personal computer, particularly the Commodore Amiga and Macintosh, as a serious
design tool, one that could save time and draw more accurately than other methods. 3D computer
graphics became possible in the late 1980s with the powerful SGI computers, which were later
used to create some of the first fully computer-generated short films at Pixar.
The Macintosh remains one of the most popular tools for computer graphics in graphic design
studios and businesses.
Modern computer systems, dating from the 1980s and onwards, often use a graphical user interface
(GUI) to present data and information with symbols, icons and pictures, rather than text.
Graphics are one of the five key elements of multimedia technology.
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